High-profile diplomatic meetings on opposite sides of the
world are underscoring growing tensions between the United States and Europe in
how to engage with China.
French President Emmanuel Macron, on a three-day
trip to China, is billing his outreach as an effort to recruit Chinese
President Xi Jinping to play a major role in building peace between
Ukraine and Russia, with an eye on reining in Russian President Vladimir Putin.
The summit comes as Chinese officials have warned of
consequences and retaliation in response to House Speaker Kevin McCarthy
hosting Taiwan’s President Tsai Ing-wen in California.
McCarthy,
speaking to reporters following his meeting with Tsai, said he hoped Macron
asked Xi not to fund Russia’s war in Ukraine and reiterated that democracy makes
the world safer and stronger.
“I hope he delivers a message that Americans meeting with
President Tsai is positive for the same aspect that he is meeting with
President Xi,” he said.
The dueling diplomatic summits highlight the gap between the
United States and Europe over how to deal with China.
While
the Biden administration and lawmakers on both sides of the aisle describe Xi
as working to reshape the world in the view of China’s authoritarian model,
European leaders are less unified on the risks versus rewards of close ties
with Beijing.
The Élysée Palace said Macron and President Biden, in a call
ahead of the French leader’s trip, discussed a common desire to engage China to
accelerate the end of the war in Ukraine and to participate in building a
lasting peace in the region.
The administration was more reserved in its description of
the conversation. Two-line readout from the White House simply stated that
Biden and Macron talked about the French president’s upcoming travel and
reiterated support for Ukraine.
Macron’s
visit, accompanied by dozens of business officials, highlights France’s focus
on maintaining, if not strengthening, economic ties to China, even as the US
has for months warned that Beijing is considering sending weapons to Russia for
use in its war in Ukraine.
“I am convinced that China has a major role to play in
building peace. This is what I have come to discuss, to move forward on,” Macron
tweeted on Thursday. “With President Xi Jinping, we will also talk about our
businesses, the climate and biodiversity, and food security.”
Xi has
sought to portray himself as a global peacemaker. Alongside Macron on
Thursday in Beijing, he said China is committed to facilitating peace
talks and a settlement on the Ukraine crisis, affirmed that a nuclear war
should never be fought, and that legitimate security concerns of all parties
should be taken into account.
French officials say they do not see a conflict of interest
between maintaining trade ties with China while trying to engage Xi to act more
responsibly.
“Talking with China and having direct engaging discussions
doesn’t mean you erase the economic ties,” one French diplomat told The Hill.
“Personal engagement is even more important with China,
after three years of pandemic, and considering the nature of the regime,” the
diplomat continued, a reference to Xi’s near total power over the state.
How Europe, US differ on China
But critics say that Macron’s coterie of business executives
undermines any effort to push Xi to get tough on Russia.
“In a
situation where we’re trying to talk strategy with the Chinese, trying to get
them to commit not to deliver weapons to Russia, bringing along so many
business people with all deals in their minds, and Euro signs in their pupils,
is the wrong signal,” said Roland Freudenstein, vice president and head of
GLOBSEC Brussels, a think tank based in Slovakia. “It means that you come with
a carrot, but you don’t come with a stick, and any talk of the stick is not
valid at that moment.”
Other experts though said that Macron should not be made
into a boogeyman from this visit to China, considering that Europe has business
interests to maintain in China.
“Both the U.S. and Europe have this new sort of idea that
China is a rival, a partner, and a competitor. For the U.S., the ordering is
probably rival first, then competitor, then partner. For Europe, that used to
be the other way around,” said Matthias Matthijs, European expert at the
Council on Foreign Relations.
“The Europeans are slowly moving closer to the American line
on China, but the US has also moved very aggressively in a different direction
than, say, it was during the Obama administration, and the Europeans aren’t
quite there yet because they have no reason to be,” added Matthijs, also a
professor of international political economy at Johns Hopkins University’s
School of Advanced International Studies.
Biden and Xi have not spoken since they met in Bali,
Indonesia, on the sidelines of the Group of 20 Summit in November 2022, but Biden
said he would talk to Xi in the wake of the Chinese spy balloon traversing the
United States in February.
When asked about the phone call between Biden and Macron, National
Security Council spokesman John Kirby on Wednesday declined to provide further
details but said the president was “grateful” that Macron called him before his
trip to Beijing.
