Half a century after Henry Kissinger drove the US foreign
policy in Southeast Asia, the region continues to live with the fallout from
the bombing and military campaigns backed by the former secretary of state, who
died recently.
In Cambodia, unexploded ordnance left over from Vietnam
War-era carpet bombings, orchestrated by Kissinger and President Richard Nixon,
are among the remnants of war that continue to kill and maim adults and
children, year after year.
The country of roughly 17 million is also still recovering
from the genocide perpetrated by the Khmer Rouge, the brutal, ousted government
that experts say gained recruits buoyed by desperation in the country after the
relentless American assaults.
“(Before the Americans) the countryside of Cambodia had
never been bombed out ... but (then) something would drop from the sky without
warning and suddenly ... explode the entire village,” said Youk Chhang,
executive director of the Phnom Penh-based Documentation Center of Cambodia.
“When your village is bombed and you were told that it’s
some Americans that dropped the bomb and when you lost your sister, your
brothers, your parents ... what is your choice? Be a victim and die by the bomb
or fight back,” said Chhang, himself a survivor of the Khmer Rouge’s notorious
killing fields, whose organization now documents the legacy of the genocidal
regime.
Even today, the generation born after the Khmer Rouge may
largely not be aware of the names or legacy or Kissinger and Nixon, Chhang
added, “but (they know) the history of the B52 (bombers) and the American
involvement in Cambodia.”
Kissinger’s death at the age of 100 last week has placed
back into the spotlight the actions of the controversial titan of American
diplomacy, with some of the starkest critiques coming from Southeast Asia,
where the US was already at war when Nixon took office in 1969.
Kissinger, who served as his national security advisor and
later secretary of state, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1973 for his role
brokering a ceasefire that ended US involvement in the war in Vietnam – and
came on the heels of heavy US bombing across northern Vietnam.
But documents declassified in recent decades have shown an
unvarnished picture of the closed-door calculations that saw Kissinger and
Nixon ramping up covert bombings across Cambodia and extending a secret war in
Laos as they sought to choke off North Vietnamese supply lines and quashes
Communist movements in the countries.
It’s
not known how many people died during this time in Cambodia and Laos, which
were officially neutral in the war, but historians say the number could be well
over 150,000 in Cambodia alone.
Documents have also revealed what analysts say was the role
of Nixon’s successor Gerald Ford and Kissinger in signaling America’s approval
of Indonesian President Suharto’s bloody 1975 invasion of East Timor, estimated
to have left at least 100,000 dead.
“Kissinger and Nixon saw the world in terms of getting the kinds of outcomes
that they wanted – people who were in weaker or marginalized positions, they
didn’t really matter that much. So the fact that they were made unwilling
pawns, the fact that they became literally cannon fodder, was of no
consequence,” said political scientist Chong Ja Ian, an associate professor at
the National University of Singapore.
“This sort of action does have a cost on the US more broadly
– a lot of the continuing skepticism and suspicion about the US and US
intentions was born out of actions such as what Kissinger and Nixon had engaged
in.”
From
October 1965 to August 1973, the United States dropped at least 2,756,941 tons
of ordnance over Cambodia, a country roughly the size of the US state of
Missouri. That’s more than the Allies dropped during World War II, according to
an account by Yale University historian Ben Kiernan.
Such ordnance in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, as well as
landmines and other explosives from the decades of conflict that followed in
the destabilized region, continue to pose a grave risk to people living there.
Nearly 20,000 people have
been killed by mines and unexploded ordnance between 1979 and this past August
in Cambodia, with more than 65,000 injured or killed since 1979, according to
government data. Most of those casualties are from landmines, but more than a
fifth are victims of other kinds of leftover explosives, which include those
from American campaigns, experts say.
During the first eight months of this year, four people were killed, 14
injured, and 8 needed amputations due to explosives, according to government
data. Experts say the devastation – which is especially acute for people in
rural areas – will go on for years to come.
“Twenty, thirty percent of everything shot fired and dropped
from an airplane doesn’t work ... we’re going to be dealing with that stuff
over here for probably 100 years. That’s Kissinger’s legacy,” said Bill Morse,
president of the nonprofit Landmine Relief Fund, which supports organizations
including Cambodia Self-Help Demining.
That group works not just
to diffuse explosives, but also train people to recognize them. Morse says
children across the country are often familiar with how to identify landmines
largely planted from years of regional fighting, but may be less aware of the
range of unexploded ordnance, often from American operations, which continue to
drive injuries and deaths.
Kissinger is widely seen as shrugging off responsibility for
wartime decisions and the toll of the campaign in Cambodia, which government
documents indicate he helped devise. One journal entry from Nixon’s chief of
staff describes Kissinger as really excited as the bombing campaign got
underway in 1969.
In a
2014 interview with American radio broadcaster NPR, the diplomat deflected
criticism when asked about the bombings in Cambodia and Laos, instead arguing
that the B-52 campaigns were less deadly for civilians than the drone attacks
in the Middle East ordered by US President Barack Obama.
“The decisions that were taken would almost certainly have
been taken by those of you who are listening, faced with the same set of
problems. And you would have done them with anguish, as we did them with
anguish,” he said at the time.
Today, in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia government-run agencies
and other groups continue to work to remove explosive remnants of war, with
experts saying the US government has become the world’s biggest funder of
unexploded ordinance and landmine clearance in the world.
But aid groups who are also working on the issue say that
the US and other countries shouldn’t lose sight of the on-going consequences of
conflict in the region.
“There is particular concern that funding for dealing with
the aftermath of historic conflicts in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the
world might be jeopardized if funds are diverted to address new conflict-related
crises,” a spokesperson from the United Kingdom-based Mines Advisory Group,
which clears explosives in countries including Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, told
CNN.
“The global community has a moral responsibility to all
those in the world whose lives continue to be blighted by the impact of wars
that ended before many of them were even born.”
