The relationship between China and the United States was
always a challenge, and after half a century of ups and downs, is more fraught
than ever. The Cold War is long over, but on both sides there are fears a
new one could be beginning. Despite repeated Chinese disavowals, the US
worries that the democratic-led world that triumphed over the Soviet
Union could be challenged by the authoritarian model of a powerful
and still-rising China.
“The U.-China
relationship has always been contentious but one of necessity,” said Oriana
Skylar Mastro, a China expert at Stanford University. “Perhaps 50 years ago the
reasons were mainly economic. Now they are mainly in the security realm. But
the relationship has never — and will never — be easy.”
Nixon landed in Beijing on a gray winter morning 50 years
ago. Billboards carried slogans such as “Down with American Imperialism,” part
of the upheaval under the Cultural Revolution that banished intellectuals and
others to the countryside and subjected many to public humiliation and brutal
and even deadly attacks in the name of class struggle.
Nixon’s 1972 trip, which included meetings with Chairman Mao
Zedong and a visit to the Great Wall, led to the establishment of diplomatic
relations in 1979 and the parallel severing of formal ties with Taiwan, which
the US had recognized as the government of China after the communists took
power in Beijing in 1949.
Premier Zhou Enlai’s translator wrote in a memoir that, to
the best of his recollection, Nixon said, “This hand stretches out across the
Pacific Ocean in friendship” as he shook hands with Zhou at the airport.
For both sides, it was a friendship born of circumstances,
rather than natural allegiances.
China and the Soviet Union, formerly communist allies, had
split and even clashed along their border in 1969, and Mao saw the United
States as a potential counterbalance to any threat of a Soviet invasion.
Nixon, embroiled in the Watergate scandal at home, was
seeking to isolate the Soviet Union and exit a prolonged and bloody Vietnam War
that had divided the US society. He hoped that China, an ally of communist
North Vietnam in its battle with the US-backed South, could play a role in
resolving the conflict.
The US president put himself in the position of supplicant
to Beijing, said June Teufel Dreyer, a Chinese politics specialist at the
University of Miami. Chinese state media promoted the idea that a prosperous China
would be a peaceful China and that the country was a huge market for the US
exports, she said.
It would be decades before that happened. First, the US
became a huge market for China, propelling the latter’s meteoric rise from an
impoverished nation to the world’s second largest economy.
Nixon’s visit was a pivotal event that ushered in China’s
turn outward and subsequent rise globally, said the University of Chicago’s
Dali Yang, the author of numerous books on Chinese politics and economics.
