India downgrades ties with Pakistan

According to Reuters, India has announced a raft of measures to downgrade its ties with Pakistan on Wednesday, a day after suspected militants killed 26 men at a tourist destination in Kashmir in the worst attack on civilians in the country in nearly two decades.

Diplomatic ties between the nuclear-armed South Asian neighbours were weak even before the latest measures were announced as Pakistan had expelled India's envoy and not posted its own ambassador in New Delhi after India revoked the special status of Kashmir in 2019.

Pakistan had also halted its main train service to India and banned Indian films, seeking to exert diplomatic pressure.

Tuesday's attack is seen as a setback to what Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party have projected as a major achievement in revoking the semi-autonomous status Jammu and Kashmir enjoyed and bringing peace and development to the long-troubled Muslim-majority region.

On Wednesday, Indian Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri told a media briefing that the cross-border involvement in the Kashmir attack was underscored at a special security cabinet meeting, prompting it to act against Pakistan.

He said New Delhi would immediately suspend the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty "until Pakistan credibly and irrevocably abjures its support for cross-border terrorism."

The treaty, mediated by the World Bank, split the Indus River and its tributaries between the neighbours and regulated the sharing of water. It had so far withstood even wars between the neighbours.

Pakistan is heavily dependent on water flowing downstream from this river system from Indian Kashmir for its hydropower and irrigation needs. Suspending the treaty would allow India to deny Pakistan its share of the waters.

India also closed the only open land border crossing point between the two countries and said that those who have crossed into India can return through the point before May 01, 2025.

With no direct flights operating between the two countries, the move severs all transport links between them.

 

Indus Water Treaty crucial for peace between Pakistan and India

The Indus Water Treaty is crucial to the peace and stability of the South Asian region. The treaty provides a framework for the sharing of water resources between India and Pakistan, which are two of the most populous and powerful countries in the region. The treaty has been in place since 1960, and despite some disputes and issues, it has managed to prevent any major conflicts between the two countries over water resources.

Under the treaty, both India and Pakistan have certain rights and obligations. India has the right to use the waters of the eastern rivers (Sutlej, Beas, and Ravi) for its use, while Pakistan has the right to use the waters of the western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) for its use. Both countries are obligated to inform each other about any new projects being planned or constructed on the shared rivers.

However, the fast-tracking of hydropower projects in Jammu and Kashmir by India has raised concerns about the implementation of the treaty. Pakistan has accused India of violating the treaty by not providing timely and adequate information about the projects being constructed on the shared rivers. Pakistan believes that the fast-tracking of these projects will reduce the water flow downstream and have an adverse impact on its agriculture and economy.

The issue of water resources is critical for both India and Pakistan. The Indus River is the lifeline of Pakistan’s agriculture and economy, and any reduction in the flow of water downstream can have a significant impact on the country’s food security and economic growth. India, on the other hand, is also heavily dependent on water resources for its economic development, and the fast-tracking of hydropower projects is seen as an important step towards achieving its energy goals.

However, it is important to note that the successful collaboration on the Indus Water Treaty is critical to maintaining peace and stability in the South Asian region. Any disputes or conflicts over water resources can have far-reaching implications for the region’s security and stability. The sharing of water resources is a complex and sensitive issue, and any mismanagement or disputes can lead to tensions between countries.

Therefore, both India and Pakistan need to work together to resolve any disputes or issues that may arise regarding the implementation of the treaty. Both countries need to communicate openly and transparently with each other about any new projects being planned or constructed on the shared rivers. The World Bank, which brokered the treaty, should also play an active role in monitoring the implementation of the treaty and resolving any disputes or issues that may arise.

Moreover, the collaboration between India and Pakistan on the Indus Water Treaty can also serve as a model for other countries in the region. South Asia is home to many transboundary rivers, and the successful collaboration between India and Pakistan on the Indus Water Treaty can provide a template for other countries in the region to manage their shared water resources.

Indus Water Treaty is critical to the peace and stability of the South Asian region. The successful collaboration between India and Pakistan on the implementation of the treaty is crucial to maintaining peace and stability in the region.

Indus Water Treaty is a binding agreement between India and Pakistan that provides a framework for the sharing of water resources between the two countries. The treaty is inviolable, and both countries have certain rights and obligations under the treaty. However, the fast-tracking of hydropower projects in Jammu and Kashmir has caused issues with the treaty, primarily with regards to the western rivers of the Indus, which are allocated to Pakistan under the treaty. To ensure the inviolability of the treaty, both India and Pakistan need to work together to resolve any disputes or issues that may arise regarding the implementation of the treaty.

Indus water treaty has so far proven to be a formidable arrangement, withstanding wars and political upheaval for decades now. This is an amazing success of global rule based order. And it also speaks volume of commitment shown by India and Pakistan. The joint institutional mechanism developed by IWT has continued to work and collaborate.

Courtesy: South Asia Journal

Will Pakistan be ready to renegotiate Indus Water Treaty?

According to an article published in South Asia Journal the Indian Parliamentary Standing Committee on Water Resources has recommended that the government should renegotiate the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), signed in 1960, with Pakistan.

According to the author, the need has arisen due to some pressing challenges that include: climate change, global warming and environmental impact assessment. Without making overtures of abrogating the treaty, which has often been part of the debate in midst of tensions with Pakistan, the committee, in no uncertain terms, acknowledged the rationality of the framing of IWT on the basis of knowledge and technology existing at the time.

IWT, with its emphasis on hydraulic engineering, divided the basin into upper and lower parts (the western and eastern rivers), and envisaged the most complete utilization of the waters through dams, barrages and canals. Without the treaty, Pakistan would have been constrained to build grand hydraulic works to transfer water from the western rivers to meet its irrigation needs and become independent of the eastern rivers. And without the eastern rivers being given exclusively to India, it would have struggled to operationalize the Bhakra and Nangal dams. The Rajasthan canal would not have made much progress, and the Ravi–Beas link canal would have failed to take off.

However, during the IWT negotiations, there was no unified methodology or specialized institutions to foretell the dangers of the climate crisis on water resources. With the advancement of science and improvement in measurements, snow and glacier melt in the upper Indus hydrology, which contribute to 60-70% of total average flow in the Indus river system, and precipitation patterns are now better understood. The contribution of these sources to the Indus Basin is undergoing considerable variations explained by the weather systems and the monsoon.

As a result, sustainability and future water availability are under existential threat. Rivers are the lifeline of almost 300 million people living in the Indus basin. Issues such as food and energy will increasingly have intricate linkages to water while demographic pressures will impact water management.

The emphasis of cooperation should be on setting up new meteorological observation stations, supply of data, and new engineering works on the rivers. However, Article XII explicitly mentions that IWT “may from time to time be modified by a duly ratified treaty concluded for the purpose between the two Governments”.

The author has put blame on Pakistan saying that technically, any cooperation or modification of the treaty cannot be undertaken unilaterally. Even if India shows the political courage to renegotiate IWT, the dynamics of it will be far more exacting.

It also alleged that Pakistan, in all likelihood, will make it a political and territorial issue, expressing its disappointment over the treaty rather than the material benefits it has accrued. Pakistan has never advocated abrogation or revision of the treaty, but has not shied away from blaming India for its water woes.

IWT remains a scapegoat to cover up its poor water management policies, which, in successive decades, have seen inefficiency in its irrigation system and excessive water waste in the agricultural sector.

The author suggests that the best option for India is to fulfill the provisions of IWT, particularly those on the western rivers in Jammu and Kashmir. While signing IWT, India gave preference to fulfilling its immediate water needs over future needs, particularly those of the people of Jammu and Kashmir. IWT allows storage entitlement of up to 3.6 MAF (million-acre feet) on the western rivers. Many of the projects are now underway in achieving the “permissible storage capacity”.

He also says that the Permanent Indus Commission that meets every year to settle differences over IWT is an excellent mechanism to raise concerns over water efficiency, ecological integrity and sustainability in the backdrop of the climate crisis. A new water governance framework will be required to deal with the uncertain future of the Indus basin.

India constructing power project in occupied Kashmir despite objections by Pakistan

It is reported that work has started on a power project in Indian occupied Kashmir despite Pakistan's objections. Pakistan has raised its concerns with the World Bank, stating that India’s project was not in consistency with the Indus Water Treaty (IWT).

India has undertaken to construct a power project on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir.

Pakistan has maintained that the Indus, Jhelum and Chenab rivers are reserved for the country, while the Ravi, Beas and the Sutlej rivers are reserved for India under the IWT, signed in 1960 between the two countries.

Islamabad has repeatedly expressed its serious concerns over designs of the Pakal Dul, Ratle and Lower Kalnai projects, insisting that India would be using the reservoirs to create deliberate and artificial water shortage or cause flooding in Pakistan.

 “These projects have been designed in violation of the IWT,” said a government official.

Official sources have confirmed that Pakistan has approached the World Bank with a fresh protest.

However, Islamabad’s efforts do not seem to distract India as the Narendra Modi-led government has decided to go ahead with the construction of the 850 megawatt Ratle hydroelectric power project, approval of which came during a recent meeting chaired by the Prime Minister.

In 2019, India had accepted Pakistan’s request for inspection of the hydropower project on the Chenab basin.

After the visit of the Pakistani delegation, Islamabad had raised objections over Pakal Dul’s design being in violation of the Sindh Taas Agreement.

“Pakistan had demanded that the freeboard height should be reduced from seven-feet to two-feet and the installation of the seal way gates should be done with an additional 40 metres in order to bring 1,620 metres and align it with sea level,” said a government official.

While Pakistan is hopeful that its fresh protests with the World Bank would yield results and help in stopping India from what it calls, blocking the country’s water through construction of its reservoirs, Modi inaugurated the projects and is all set to start the construction work also.

 Pakistani government officials maintain that this is New Delhi’s rivalry with Islamabad and its ambitions to create hurdles for the country by blocking its water and using it for flooding whenever it deems fit.